Ralph E. Williams 1
Constructed wetlands offer a potentially economical alternative as livestock wastewater treatment systems. However, with the build-up of organic wastes of livestock production in such aquatic impoundments there can be marked effects on development of aquatic insect populations. Generally, organic pollution tends to decrease insect diversity, but the organically polluted water found in these aquatic habitats can harbor high populations of certain undesirable insect groups, particularly those of public health and veterinary importance. Such organic-rich systems can breed high populations of such insect groups as mosquitoes (Culicidae), biting midges (Ceratapogonidae), and horse and deer flies (Tabanidae). These blood-sucking insects contribute to the direct irritation and annoyance of people and livestock and are associated with transmission of such diseases as encephalitis, bluetongue, tularemia, and anaplamosis to name a few.
This paper reviews the association of natural and constructed wetlands and related aquatic impoundments in creating habitats for insects of public health and veterinary importance. Discussion will be made on the particular insect species of most importance that breed in these habitats and what conditions contribute to their breeding success. The potential impact populations of these insects can have on human and animal health and welfare will be addressed. Also, guidelines will be presented on development of integrated pest management systems to minimize pestiferous insect breeding in such habitats. Emphasis will be placed on habitat alteration to minimize targeted insect breeding, and incorporation and encouragement of introduced and naturally occurring biological control components.
