The objective of this lecture is to introduce the major organs and their functions involved in the transport and processing of foods, water, and gases, responses to temperature and other external stimuli, and hormonal regulation of the human processes.
 | mechanical processing and motility |
| secretion |
| digestion |
| absorption |
| elimination |
3.3.1. Major components and functions (20-2)
3.3.2. Absorption from the small intestine (20-3)
|
3.3.3. Controls over digestion system (20-4)
| absorption from food and liquids |
| metabolism |
| urinary excretion |
| evaporation from lungs and skin |
| sweating |
| feces |
| absorption from solid food and liquids |
| secretion |
| respiration and metabolism (O2 and CO2) |
| urinary excretion |
| respiration |
| sweating |
| macrostructure (20-6) |
| |
| average reabsorption values (20-9) |
| micrograph of renal tubule (20-10) |
| kidneys process 1.5 L blood and 180 L water absorbed per day |
| cells in distal tubes and collecting ducts have receptors for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone |
| ADH makes walls more permeable to water |
| aldosterone enhances sodium reabsorption |
| triggered by water and sodium content of body |
| metabolism (produces ~1 kcal/hour/kg body wt. resting) |
| radiation (sun, 1/3 heat loss) |
| conduction (direct contact with solid object) |
| convection (moving air or water) |
| evaporation (sweating, breathing) |
| homeothermic: animals (e.g., mammals, birds) that have mechanisms to maintain their body and a constant temperature (by sweating, shivering, changing metabolic rate. |
| poikilothermic: animals (e.g. insects, reptiles, amphibians, and fish) cannot control their internal temperatures. They find ways to migrate to desired tempatures or remain dormant during cold temperatures. |
| heat loss decreases |
| heat production increases |
| vasodilation - more blood and heat to site |
| it will take you 300 million breaths to get you to age 75 |
| at 0.5L per breath that is 150 million L |
| respiratory system (20-13) |
| upper respiratory system (20-14) |
| diagram of aveolar sacs (20-15) |
| micrograph of aveolar sacs (20-16) |
| 7% dissolved in plasma |
| 23% binds with hemoglobin |
| 70% remains as bicarbonate (buffer) |
| Partial pressure differentials of oxygen and carbon dioxide affect diffusion rates at site of alveoli |
| Brain monitors carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in blood and changes breathing and blood flow rates accordingly |
| returns leaked water and proteins to blood |
| transports fat from small intestine |
| transports foreign particles to lymph nodes for disposal |
|
| stores and interconverts organic compounds and maintains their concentrations in blood |
| inactivates hormones |
| removes worn out blood cells |
| converts ammonia to urea for excretion |
| detoxifies toxic compounds |
| secretes bile used to emulsify fats; metabolizes carbohydrates, proteins, and fats |
| detection of stimulus |
| conduction of signal |
| processing of signal |
| response |
| 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
| 12 pairs of cranial nerves |
| caused by rush of sodium ions into nerve fiber | ||
| relaxed by rush of potassium ions out | ||
| plot of membrane potential (20-30)
| ||
| synapse (choline-acetylcholine) |
| Organs are connected to pairs of sympathetic and parasympatetic nerves which oppose each other. |
| Parasympathetic nerves (on and off pairs) function when the body is not stimulated. |
| Sympathetic nerves (on and off pairs) function when the body is stimulated. |
| thalmus - sensory relay to cerebrum | ||||
| cerebral cortex - processes most of the sensory/motor information | ||||
| hypothalmus - control center for hormones, viseral and emotional responses (temperature, desires, pleasure, pain, hunger, water balance) | ||||
| medulla - connects brain with spinal cord | ||||
| cerebrum - part of forebrain - the chief coordination center | ||||
| cerebellum - part of hindbrain that controls muscular coordination | ||||
| reticular system - listens to what comes to and leaves the brain (brain's arousal system) | ||||
| limbic system (20-34)
| ||||
| sensory area (20-35) | ||||
| motor area (20-36) |
| photon emission tomography |
7.8. Senses, Memory, and Behavior (separate lecture)
8. Hormones
| bind to DNA and affect gene expression |
| control activity of enzymes |
| influence transport and metabolism (e.g. glucose by insulin and glucagon) |
10.1. You should know the location and function(s) of each component of the digestion system.
10.2. What are the major routes of water gains and losses and quantities for each?
10.3. What are the major routes of solute (solid and disolved materials) gains and losses and quantities for each?
10.4. Given a diagram of the nephron, describe the location and mechanism for control of water, urea, and salts by this unit of the kidney.
10.5. What are the functions of the hormones antidiruretic (ADH) and aldosterone?
10.6. Give one example for each of the mechanisms of heat exchange by the body: metabolism, radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation.
10.7. How would you recognize that a person is suffering from heat stress? from cold stress?
10.8. How do homeothermic animals regulate their temperature; give three mechanisms?
10.9. Give three examples of homeothermic and three examples of poikillothermic animals? How does each group survive normal temperature extremes?
10.10. Why is the mechanism and purpose of fever?
10.11. Know the location and function of each component of the respiratory system.
10.12. What is a typical lung capacity (liters) and volume per breath?
10.12. How can the solubility of oxygen in blood exceed its solubility in water?
10.13. What are the locations and functions of the major components of the circulatory system?
10.14. Explain the principle underline measurement of systolic and dyastolic blood pressure. What are normal values for these pressures and pulse rate?
10.15. What is the function of the lymphatic system? Why tonsils become readily infected and why does their removal decrease your immune response?
10.16. What are six functions of the liver? Why does excess alcohol consumption damage the liver more than other organs?
10.17. What is the function of the brain, spinal chord, sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves?
10.18. What parts of the brain are involved in voluntary movements, involuntary movements, memory, and senses?
10.19. What are the mechanisms by which a nerve stimulus is received, transmitted, and responded to?
10.20. You should be able to match hormones names, source, target organ, and function(s).
10.21. What are three general mechanisms of hormonal action?
| absorption | digestion | esophagus |
| digestive system | essential amino acid | liver |
| essential fatty acid | gastric fluid | kilocalorie |
| large intestine (colon) | microvillus | mineral |
| net protein utilization (NPU) | obesity | white blood cell |
| pancreas | salivary gland | peristalsis |
| small intestine | spinctor | stomach |
| villus | vitamin | aorta |
| arteriole | artery | blood |
| blood pressure | capillary bed | capillary |
| cardiac cycle | circulatory system | heart |
| lymph | lymph vascular system | plasma |
| lymphatic system | platelet | vein |
| pulmonary circuit | red blood cell | venule |
| systemic circuit |
| alveolar sac | alveolus | bronchus |
| diaphragm | gill | glottis |
| integumentary exchange | lung | pleural sac |
| respiration | respiratory bronchiole | trachea |
| vocal chord | ADH (antidiuretic hormone) | urine |
| aldosterone | Bowman's capsule | distal tubule |
| excretion | filtration | glomerulus |
| kidney | loop of Henle | nephron |
| proximal tubule | reabsorption | secretion |
| urinary system | ureter | urethra |
| action potential | central nervous system | axon |
| chemical synapse | chemoreceptor | dendrite |
| forebrain | hair cell | hindbrain |
| interneuron | limbic system | mechanoreceptor |
| midbrain | motor neutron | nerve |
| parasympathetic nerve | peripheral nervous system | sensory neuron |
| photoreceptor | psychoactive drug | neuron |
| transmitter substance | resting membrane potential | reflex arc |
| synaptic integration | sympathetic nerve | thermoreceptor |
| adrenal cortex | adrenal medulla | cyclic AMP |
| anterior lobe of pituitary | glucagon | steroid hormone |
| endocrine system | homeostatic feedback loop | hormone |
| second messenger | parathyroid gland | pheromone |
| local signaling molecule | releasing hormone | pineal gland |
| neuroendocrine control center | posterior lobe of pituitary | thyroid gland |
| nonsteroid hormone | pancreatic islet | insulin |
On-line Quizzes in Biology - QuizStar & M-R Creations
Life and the Cell; Simple Organisms; Plants; Animals; Body support; Body control; Body circulation; Food and digestion; Vocabulary.Interactive On-line Simulators - BITMed
Game of life; Genetic Algorithm; Hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal axis; Dendritic growth; Hodge rule; etc.Developmental Biology - The Biology Project, Biology, University of Arizona
Activities, Problems sets, and Tutorials: Developmental Mechanisms for a variety of organisms
