The objective is to introduce the major groups of animals and structure and function of the major tissue, organ, skin, skeleton, muscle, circulatory, and nervous systems of humans.
 | ectoderm gives rise to skin and nervous system |
| mesoderm give rise to muscle, skeleton, and organs of circulation reproduction, and excretion |
| endoderm gives rise to lining of gut and associated organs |
| basic cell shapes in simple epithelium (19-4) |
3.3.1. examples of connective tissues (19-5)
3.3.2. loose connective tissue (19-6)
3.3.3. specialized
| bone |
| cartilage |
| blood |
| muscle |
| nervous |
| examples of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue (19-7) |
| nerve cell (19-8) |
4.1.1. Integumentary System
| protection from injury and dehydration |
| body temperature control |
| excretion of some wastes |
| reception of external stimuli |
| defense against microbes |
| human skin in cross section (19-10) |
| two layered structure of human skin (19-11) |
4.1.2. Muscular System
| movement of body parts |
| maintenance of posture heat production |
4.1.3. Skeletal System
| support |
| protection of body parts |
| sites for muscle attachment |
| production of blood cells |
| calcium and phosphorus storage |
4.1.4. Nervous System
| detection of external and internal stimuli |
| control and coordination of responses |
| integration of all activities of organ systems |
4.1.5. Endocrine System
| hormonal control of body functions |
| works with nervous system |
4.1.6. Circulatory System
| transport of materials to and from cells |
| stabilization of internal temperature and pH |
4.1.7. Lymphatic System
| return of extracellular fluid to blood |
| sites for immunity |
4.1.8. Respiratory System
| oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal |
| pH regulation |
4.1.9. Digestive System
| ingestion of water and food |
| preparation of foods for absorption |
| elimination of food residues |
4.1.10. Urinary System
| maintenance of volume and composition of extracellular fluids |
4.1.11. Reproductive System
| male: production and transfer of sperm to egg |
| female: production of eggs; protection and nutrition of embryo |
| cartilage - soft bone tissue, protection |
| tendon - connects muscle to bone |
| ligament - links bones |
| major skeletal structure and muscles in humans (19-14) |
| human skeleton (19-15) |
| human spine (19-16) |
| fine structure of a muscle cell (19-20) |
| sliding-filament model of muscle contraction (19-21) |
| example of motor units in vertebrate muscles (19-22) |
7.1. You should be know the major groups (phyla) of animals and characteristics that differentiate them.
7.2. You should be familiar with the major tissues and where they are located (which organs, body parts, etc.)
7.3. You should know the location and function of the major organs, bones, muscles, and nerves.
7.4. Explain how muscles, bones, and nerves are interconnected and how they function together.
7.5. Learn some detail about the structure of a bone and muscle.
| coelom | cuticle | |
| ectoderm | endoderm | |
| epithelium | exoskeleton | gill |
| gut | invertebrate | |
| mantle | medusa | mesoderm |
| metamorphosis | molting | nematocyst |
| nephridium | nerve cord | nerve net |
| notochord | peritoneum | pharynx |
| polyp | protostome | trachea |
| vertebral column | vertebrate | adipose tissue |
| water-vascular system | blood | bone |
| cardiac muscle | cartilage | epithelium |
| dense connective tissue | effector | germ cell |
| extracellular fluid | homeostasis | integrator |
| loose connective tissue | yellow marrow | sarcomere |
| muscle tissue | red marrow | myosin |
| negative feedback mechanism | organ | synovial joint |
| nervous tissue | organ system | receptor |
| positive feedback mechanism | tissue | osteocyte |
| skeletal muscle | smooth muscle | somatic cell |
| actin | appendicular skeleton | dermis |
| axial skeleton | cartilaginous joint | epidermis |
| fibrous joint | Haversian canal | myofibril |
| integumentary canal | intervertebral disk | keratinization |
| sliding-filament model |
Biology 209 - Vertabrate Zoology - K.S. Kilburn, Old Dominion University
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