The objective is to introduce the types diseases of humans and plants caused by organisms and factors influencing their occurrence, distribution and control.
 | epidemiology |
- study of occurrence, distribution, and control of diseases in populations
- origin, spread or communication, and eradication of disease
| incidence - number of diseased individuals in a defined population |
| endemic - constantly present disease |
| epidemic - abnormally high incidence locally |
| pandemic - abnormally high incidence over a wide geographic area |
| outbreak - short-term local increase in a disease |
| morbidity - all cases, fatal and nonfatal |
| mortality - fatal cases |
| herd immunity - if the proportion of immune individuals is sufficiently high, then the whole population is protected |
| Causes of death worldwide |
| Causes of death in developed and underdeveloped countries (14-2) |
| Recent worldwide outbreaks (14-4) |
2.3.1. Improved resistance
| nutrition |
| reduce people concentration |
| lighter work loads |
2.3.2. Control Reservoir
| mosquitoes |
| immunize animals (e.g. rabies) |
2.3.3. Control transmission
| direct contact |
| food |
| water |
| air |
| feces |
2.3.4. Examples
| measles (14-5) |
| rubella (14-6) |
| mumps (14-7) (photo) (14-8) |
2.3.4. Immunizations Recommended for Foreign Travel
cholera, yellow fever, plague, infectious hepatitis A, serum hepatitis B, typhoid fever, malaria
3.1.1. time profile of STD (14-10)
3.1.2. time profile of gonorrhea (14-11)
| easily treated |
| no acquired immunity |
| use of oral contraceptives favors disease |
| symptoms are mild |
3.2.1. time profile of AIDS (14-12)
3.2.2. Incidence of AIDS if different countries
3.2.3. causes of AIDS in men (14-13)
3.2.4. causes of AIDS in women (14-14)
3.2.5. process of HIV infection (A) (14-15) (B) (14-16)
3.2.6. lymphocyte releasing HIV virus (14-17)
3.2.7. course of development of AIDS (14-18)
| Opportunistic pathogens and malignancies cause death. |
3.2.8. treatment of AIDS
| AZT (14-19) (azidothymidine; reverse transcriptase inhibitor; inhibits the enzyme that converts single-stranded RNA into complementary DNA; stops virus replication) |
| non-reverse transcriptase inhibitors (interferes with protein- altering catalytic site) |
| protease inhibitors (inhibits processing of viral polypeptide and viral maturation) |
| fusion inhibitors inhibit binding of virus to target cells (DC4) |
3.3.1. rabies (14-20)
3.3.2. Lyme disease (A) (14-21) (B) (14-22)
| caused by Borrelia burgdorferi |
| deer tick is vector |
3.3.3. plague (A) (14-23) (B) (14-24)
| caused by Yersinia pestis |
| fleas and rats are vectors |
3.3.4. malaria (A) (14-25) (B) (14-26)
| caused by Plasmodium vivax (protozoan) |
| mosquitoes are vectors |
3.4.1. staphylococcal infections
| boils (14-27) and pimples (14-28) |
| toxic shock syndrome |
3.4.2. tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
3.4.3. fungus
3.4.4. tooth decay (14-29) (Streptococcus)
| incidence of influenza and cold (14-32) |
| map of flu outbreaks (14-33) |
| tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) |
| categories of indoor air pollutants (14-34) |
| microorganisms causing indoor air problems (14-35) |
| indoor air quality related illnesses (14-36) |
| incidence of legionellosis (14-37) |
4.3.1. abatement of indoor air pollutants (14-38)
| air filters (14-39) |
| Staphylococcus |
| Clostridium perfringens |
| botulism (14-41) |
| aflatoxins (14-42) |
| Campylobacteriosis - most prevalent food related infection; bloody stool, cramps; present in all fowl carcasses; also associated with shellfish, pork and domestic animals |
| salmonellosis (14-43) |
| hepatitis (14-44) |
| Mad cow disease (variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; caused by prion (heat stable proteins that replicate themselves and attack the nervous system |
| Giardia |
| Cryptosporidium |
| Cryptosporidium - 400,000 cases in Milwaukee in 1993; probably related to contamination of drinking water by cattle; highly resistant to chlorination |
| Escherichia coli O157:H7 - a new highly pathogenic strain |
| Pfiesteria - a dinoflagellate caused by nutrient discharge in waters; causes memory loss and other symptoms |
| effect of water and waste treatment (14-46) |
| indicator organisms (14-47) |
9.1. Compare the major diseases and causes in developed and underdeveloped countries.
9.2. What are methods of controlling transmission and resistance to diseases?
9.3. What has been the primary method of controlling airborne viral and intestinal diseases in the U.S?
9.4. What are two sexually transmitted diseases for which their is no know cure? Why is development of a cure difficult?
9.5. What is the cause of AIDs? How is it transmitted? How does it cause death? What are some preventative measures?
9.6. Why do we have no major incidence of malaria and plague in the U.S.?
9.7. What is the difference in food poison and food infection? Give examples of each? How can you avoid each?
9.8. Outline the causes, consequences, and control measures of indoor air contaminated with microbes?
9.9. How would you avoid getting a waterborne disease when visiting an underdeveloped country?
9.10. How would you avoid getting a foodborne disease when visiting an underdeveloped country?
9.11. Why does the U.S. have limited incidence of waterborne and foodborne diseases?
9.12. How would you avoid nosocomial infections when in hospitals?
| epidemiology | incidence | epidemic |
| mortality | morbidity | AIDS |
| food poisoning | food infection | vector |
| immunity | nosocomial | vaccination |
| immunization | endemic | epidemic |
| pathogen | virulence | streptococcal |
| legionaire's disease | herpes | lyme disease |
| malaria | traveler's diarrhea | chlorination |
Texas Plant Disease Handbook
You may locate the information you want by selecting a host from the Host Index. The old format, which doesn't require support for forms, is available, but may not contain the latest revisions.UF Plant Path
http://plantpath.ifas.ufl.edu/
I am pleased and honored to have the opportunity to present
to you this web page which describes the people, the places and some facts relevant to the
graduate and undergraduate programs in plant pathology at the University of Florida.
Online Guide to Plant Disease Control
http://www.agnic.org/agdb/ogpdc.html
Brief Description: A master index to plant diseases is
arranged alphabetically, first by the common name of the crop, and then by the common name
of the disease.
Rabies
http://www.austinspca.com/rabies.html
Rabies is a disease that affects the central nervous system
and usually results in death. Most rabies cases occur in skunks, bats, racoons, coyotes,
dogs, cats, and farm animals.
APHIS Web -- Animal Health
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/new/ah.html
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Protecting
the health of American animal agriculture is an important goal of USDA's Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service (APHIS).
