The objective is to introduce the mechanisms of genetic change in organisms and principles of cell division in eucaryotic cells.
 | shifts in reading frame (8-1) |
| mutagens (8-2) |
| mutagens (8-3) |
| genetic basis of sickle-cell anemia (8-4) |
2.2.1. 3 out of 100,000 base pairs (3% of cells proteins)
| this problem is reduced by DNA repair mechanisms (20 different repair enzymes for different problems) |
2.2.2. Genes
| humans were thought to have 50,000 (recently found to be 30,000); bacteria 1000 |
| each gene has about 1500 bases |
| Table of summary of Griffith's experiment (8-6) |
| Another Example |
| Photo of conjugation (8-8) |
| Figure of conjugation |
Table of types of plasmids (8-10)
| Fission of bacterial cell (1) (8-11) |
| Fission of bacterial cell (2) (8-12) |
| Human Chromosomes, 23 pairs (8-13) |
| Homologous chromosomes (8-14) |
| Overview (8-17) |
| A (8-18) |
| B (8-19) |
| C (8-20) |
| D (8-21) |
| E (8-21) |
| F (8-23) |
| Mitosis photos (8-24) |
| Overview (8-26) |
| A (8-27) |
| B (8-28) |
| C (8-29) |
| D (8-30) |
| E (8-31) |
| F (8-32) |
| G (8-33) |
| H (8-34) |
| I (8-35) |
| J (8-36) |
| K (8-37) |
| Synapsis Crossing Over (8-40) |
| Variation in Gametes with Crossing Over (8-41) |
| Schematic of Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis (8-43) | ||||||||
| Spermatogenesis, rat seminiferous
tubule (8-44)
| ||||||||
| Oogenesis, human egg with polar bodies (8-45) |
| Part A (8-46) |
| Part B (8-47) |
6.1. What are four general methods that bacteria change genetically?
6.2. What are some beneficial and harmful outcomes of mutations?
6.3. What types of compounds are mutagenic?
6.4. What are the basic differences in mitosis and meiosis? What are the objectives of each of these cell division processes?
6.5. What is the ultimate fate of the genetic and cytoplasmic materials after meiotic division associated with oogenesis?
6.6. What is the purpose of crossing over? At what point in the division cycle dies it occur?
6.7. What are the major mechanisms of genetic change in eukaryotic organisms?
| anaphase | germ cell | spore |
| DNA polymerase | DNA replication | fertilization |
| histone | nucleosome | nucleotide |
| mitosis | metaphase | homologous chromosome |
| cancer | telephase | differentiation |
| exon | gene | gene mutation |
| meiosis | intron | sex chromosome |
| metastasis | mutagen | oncogene |
| chromosome | interphase | oogenesis |
| centromere | somatic cell | spermatogenesis |
| diploid | allele | haploid |
| crossing over | stop codon |
The Genetic Code - S.D. Black, U. of Texas Health Center at Tyler Table relating nucleic acid triplet to the corresponding amino acid.
Molecular Biology - The Biology Project, Biology, University of Arizona Activities, Problems sets, and Tutorials: Molecular Genetics; Nucleic Acids; Recombinant DNA Technology; Eukaryotic Gene Expression
Prokaryotic Genetics and Gene Expression from the MIT Hypertextbook - M.I.T. Tools for studying prokaryotic genetics, biochemical genetics, Lac operation, etc.
The making of the nucleosome - D. Pruss Simplified images and a tour.
