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Lecture 4.  Anabolism/ Photosynthesis

1. Objectives

The objective is to introduce how monomers are synthesized using ATP as a dehydrating agent, light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, and differences in plant and bacterial photosynthesis.

2. Anabolism (Biosynthetic Reactions)

2.1. General Requirements

2.2.1. Require energy

2.2.2. ATP as a dehydrating agent

ATP (4-1)

2.3. Require reducing power

NAD(H) (4-2)

2.2. Protein Synthesis

2.2.1. Connecting amino acids. This reaction illustrates how monomers are put together by dehydration reactions using ATP as the dehydrating agent

protein synthesis (4-3)

ATP consumption (4-4)

2.2.2. Abbreviations of above

abbreviated summary reaction (4-5)

2.2.3. After the amino acids are put together, they automatically attain their secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.

2.2.4. Note here the requirements for precursors, energy (ATP), and micronutrients (Mg , P)

2.3. Polysaccharides

Polymerization of sugars (4-6)

2.4. Lipids

aondensation of FA and glycerol (4-7)

2.5. Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids and DNA

making DNA (4-8)

2.6. Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids and RNA

making RNA (4-9)

2.7. General Reaction for Fixation of Carbon Dioxide

fixation of carbon (4-10)

2.8. Assemblage of Polymers to Make Cellular Structures

putting polymers together (4-11)

3. Photosynthesis

3.1. Overview (4-12)

visible light in electromagnetic spectrum (4-13)

absorption and action spectra (4-14)

chlorophyll structure (4-15)

chloroplast structure (4-16)

3.2. Light-Dependent Reactions

cyclic photophosphorylation (4-17)

Non-cyclic photophosphorylation (4-18)

ATP formation in chloroplasts (4-19)

3.3. Light-Independent Reactions

light and dark reactions (4-20)

calvin C3 cycle (4-21)

C4 cycle (4-22)

3.4. Bacterial Photosynthesis

3.5. Chemosynthesis (4-25) 

4.  Critical Concepts or Questions

4.1. Illustrate how ATP acts as a dehydrating agent to connect two amino acids.

4.2. Learn the structure and function of NAD to accept and give electrons.

4.3. What wavelengths of light are used for photosynthesis?

4.4. What is the difference between absorption and action spectra of chlorophyll?   How would you analyze these?

4.5. Illustrate the differences between cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation.   What are the products?  How and why is water split and oxygen released?

4.6. Which reactions of photosynthesis are light dependent and light independent?

4.8. What are the differences in the C3 and C4 cycles?  Which plants use each cycle?  What is the function of each cycle?

4.9. What are the major differences in plant and bacterial photosynthesis and chemosynthesis (in chemolithotrophs)?

5.  Vocabulary

6.  Webpage Links

METABOLISM UNIT

7. Illustration Documentation